Comparison between molecular methods ( PCR vs LAMP ) to detect Candida albicans in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of suspected tuberculosis patients

With the increase of patients suffering from immune deficiency infections also increased pulmonary fungi even in people with defective immune system can cause fatal and lethal candidiasis. The timely diagnosis of pulmonary candidiasis is one of the problems that has been detected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method optimized on the basis of α INT1 gene and then sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. LAMP is a novel nucleic acid amplification technique with high specificity and sensitivity which has been done under isothermal condition. Samples were the bronchoalveolar lavage suspected of tuberculosis (TB) reviews for TB disease negative have been reported. DNA extraction carried out by standard phenol/chloroform method on samples and PCR test and LAMP was done. PCR and LAMP testing was performed on samples and products of 441 bp were amplified and observed with agarose gel electrophoresis. At the end of the LAMP reaction, SYBR Green was used for identifying negative and positive results. Among the 60 quantities sera, only 7 cases were PCR positive but 8 cases were LAMP positive. In comparison, between LAMP and PCR, the LAMP technique in spite of its simplicity, high sensitivity and specificity, could be an appropriate replacement for PCR. Introduction Candida albicans is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells and a causal agent of opportunistic infections in humans.1,2 The yeast Candida is an example of a highly successful opportunistic pathogen that takes advantage of host debilities and disorders to cause infections of a remarkably wide range of tissues.3 Candida albicans is the cause of many undesirable symptoms ranging from fatigue and weight gain, to joint pain and gas.4 Candidiasis may be divided into superficial (such as oral and vaginal thrush and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis) and deep-seated (such as Candida due myocarditis and acute disseminated Candida septicaemia) and represent a major clinical problem.5 For several reasons (immunosuppressive treatments, long-term catheterization, use of broad spectrum antibiotics and longer survival of immunologically compromised individuals), Candida infections have increased dramatically over the last two decades.6 Sometimes the disease (pulmonary candidiasis) can unrecognized for a long time.7 TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although it can cause disease in any part of the body it normally enters the body though the lungs.8 TB is spread from an infectious person who is coughing, to another person through the air. Like the common cold, TB is spread through aerosolized droplets after infected people cough, sneeze or even speak. People nearby, if exposed long enough, may breathe in bacteria in the droplets and become infected.9 TB is one of the leading infectious diseases in the world and is responsible for more than 2 million deaths and 8 million new cases annually.10 The major difference between TB and candidiasis infections is that Possible candidiasis is Stay hidden. Thus it is particularly important to diagnose candidiasis as rapidly as possible. In addition, treatment varies according to the species of candidiasis, However At the first stages of revealing disease, detection methods based on antibody and biopsy are not recognizable.11 Molecular detection methods based on isolation and amplification of nucleic acid such as PCR, isothermal amplification, and hybridization are capable to recognize infection at early stages.12,13 Despite its advantages, each amplification method has it own problems. For example using PCR against expanded development and high accuracy because of needing to improved instrument like thermal cycler have not been distributed in all diagnostic center as a routine test up to now.14 loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) Techniques is another method of isothermal amplification In which amplification Be done manner isothermal And therefore do not require a thermocycler, In addition, is the accuracy and sensitivity.15,16 This reaction is done without template DNA denaturation and whit using the polymerase with the ability to substitution in the chain, Also Is used of 6 specific primers that known as internal FIP (F1C, F2) and BIP, (B1C, B2) and external (F3, B3) (Special Loop LF, LB) primers that they have very high specificity.12,17 In this case there is no need to use by heat denaturation after amplification This means that all stages of amplification to detect is performed at a temperature Also when the reaction was accompanied with reverse transcription of RNA sequences can also be reproduced.14 So developed molecular methods provide for rapid detection feels more accurate than the traditional and old phenotypic methods and also for epidemiological studies and molecular analysis of an infectious agent is important for infection control. Materials and Methods Within a few months in one study of patients referred to a specialized TB laboratory in Tehran that showed specific symptoms of TB patients, 60 people who were randomly selected TB patients were negative. Sampling was done by a pulmonary Microbiology Research 2017; volume 8:7306 Correspondence: Meysam Goodarzi, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,


Introduction
Candida albicans is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells and a causal agent of opportunistic infections in humans. 1,2The yeast Candida is an example of a highly successful opportunistic pathogen that takes advantage of host debilities and disorders to cause infections of a remarkably wide range of tissues. 3andida albicans is the cause of many undesirable symptoms ranging from fatigue and weight gain, to joint pain and gas. 4 Candidiasis may be divided into superficial (such as oral and vaginal thrush and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis) and deep-seated (such as Candida due myocarditis and acute disseminated Candida septicaemia) and represent a major clinical problem.5 For several reasons (immunosuppressive treatments, long-term catheterization, use of broad spectrum antibiotics and longer survival of immunologically compromised individuals), Candida infections have increased dramatically over the last two decades.6 Sometimes the disease (pulmonary candidiasis) can unrecognized for a long time.7 TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ahough it can cause disease in any part of the body it normally enters the body though the lungs.8 TB is spread from an infectious person who is coughing, to another person through the air.Like the common cold, TB is spread through aerosolized droplets after infected people cough, sneeze or even speak. Pople nearby, if exposed long enough, may breathe in bacteria in the droplets and become infected.9 TB is one of the leading infectious diseases in the world and is responsible for more than 2 million deaths and 8 million new cases annually.10 The major difference between TB and candidiasis infections is that Possible candidiasis is Stay hidden.Thus it is particularly important to diagnose candidiasis as rapidly as possible. I addition, treatment varies according to the species of candidiasis, However At the first stages of revealing disease, detection methods based on antibody and biopsy are not recognizable.11 Molecular detection methods based on isolation and amplification of nucleic acid such as PCR, isothermal amplification, and hybridization are capable to recognize infection at early stages.12,13 Despite its advantages, each amplification method has it own problems. Fr example using PCR against expanded development and high accuracy because of needing to improved instrument like thermal cycler have not been distributed in all diagnostic center as a routine test up to now.14 Techniques is another method of isothermal amplification In which amplification Be done manner isothermal And therefore do not require a thermocycler, In addition, is the accuracy and sensitivity. 15,16This reaction is done without template DNA denaturation and whit using the polymerase with the ability to substitution in the chain, Also Is used of 6 specific primers that known as internal FIP (F1C, F2) and BIP, (B1C, B2) and external (F3, B3) (Special Loop LF, LB) primers that they have very high specificity. 12,17In this case there is no need to use by heat denaturation after amplification This means that all stages of amplification to detect is performed at a temperature Also when the reaction was accompanied with reverse transcription of RNA sequences can also be reproduced. 14So developed molecular methods provide for rapid detection feels more accurate than the traditional and old phenotypic methods and also for epidemiological studies and molecular analysis of an infectious agent is important for infection control.

Materials and Methods
Within a few months in one study of patients referred to a specialized TB laboratory in Tehran that showed specific symptoms of TB patients, 60 people who were randomly selected TB patients were negative.Sampling was done by a pulmonary specialist with Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample were prepared using standard.Samples were collected in sterile tubes and were transported to the laboratory as soon as possible.

Preparation strains of Candida albicans and culturing methods
First, lyophilized and standard strains of Candida albicans belonging to Iranian Industrial Bacteria and Fungi Collection (Persian Type Culture Collection, PTCC) were cultured at GYEP liquid medium.After the organism growth, 500 μL of the liquid medium was removed and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min.The supernatant was discarded and resulting precipitation was deionized in 100 μL of sterile double-distilled water and suspended; then, its DNA was extracted using phenolchloroform methods. 18

DNA extraction
Extracting DNA from standard strain: Phenol-chloroform method was used for DNA extraction. 18100 μL of the cultured strain in the liquid medium was removed; then, at the first stage, 500 μL of the lysis solution or buffer lysis (Proteinase K=250 μg/mL, Tris-Hcl=50 Mm, SDS=10%) was added.At the second stage, 10 μL protease was added and shaken for 10 sec.At the third stage, it was put in a 65° heater block for 20 min.After removal of the solution inside the tube, phenol-chloroform solution was added and, after 10 times of inversion, it was centrifuged for 5 min.Afterward, the tube was placed on ice for 30 min.After removing from ice, the supernatant was transferred to a new tube and some isopropanol with the same volume of the solution was added to the tube.After 10 times of inversion, it was put in a -20°C freezer for 10 min.Once taken out of the freezer, it was centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000 rpm and the supernatant was discarded; because isopropanol always causes DNA precipitation, the supernatant lacks any DNA.Afterwards, 1000 μL of alcohol 70% was poured on it and, after 10 times of inversion, centrifuged for 10 min at 12000 rpm (alcohol separates isopropanol from DNA).Finally, the supernatant was decanted (discarded), the test tube was placed in the 65° heater block, and 100 μL distilled water was added.

Primer design
PCR primers were designed for α INT1; the amplified region has 441 bp lengths.LAMP primers using Primer explorer V4 software was designed for gene alph-INT1.Specific primers of Candida albicans are as shown in Table 1.

Observing PCR product
Reaction product in 1.5% agarose gel containing CYBR Green (SINA Gene, Cat.No.: MR7730C) was electrophoresed in TBE 0.5 x buffer

Cloning PCR product as positive control
After purifying PCR product, it was cloned using fermentas T/A cloning kit (cat: K1214) and Vector pTZ57/R.

Determine the limit of detection LOD and specificity of the LAMP and PCR test
In order to determine the LOD of these techniques in this research, the standard strain of Candida albicans was applied in preparing a series of dilutions from 10 million copies to five copies of DNA to LAMP Article Table 1.Features of primers.

Results
The PCR products were loaded on 1.5% agarose gel, the fragment's size obtained by using specific primers was 441 bp (Figure 1A).Optimized LAMP product with DNA extracted from standard strains The reaction by adding SYBR-Green were observed Positive tube bright green and negative tube very low orange colors (Figure 1B).LOD of PCR test with specific primers for Candida albicans could identify at least 100 copies of DNA related to each fungus of Candida albicans and LOD of LAMP test with specific primers for Candida albicans could identify at least 10 copies of DNA related to each fungus of Candida albicans (Figure 2).PCR and LAMP had high specificity showed no reaction to the other infectious agents except DNA Candida albicans (Figure 3).

Discussion
Opportunistic infections caused by yeasts in recent decades has been of great importance. 19This is due to the increasing incidence and prevalence of these infections in the community and nosocomial infections.Debilitating diseases such as AIDS, diabetes and cancer, and There is the use of catheters, organ transplants, cancer drugs, broad-spectrum antibiotics and Corticosteroids treatment of yeast infections is the subject of resolutions predisposing. 20Invasive candidiasis is a common and potentially fatal side effects caused by treatment, especially chemotherapy, cancer patients Candida species are the most common cause of fungal infections in humans, 6,14 in patients with different respi-ratory infections.Diagnosis accurate and rapid identification can help of Candida to antifungal therapy because the molecular methods is not need culture and the diagnosis is possible in a few hours, in patients with different respiratory infections.Diagnosis accurate and rapid identification can help of Candida to antifungal therapy because the molecular methods is not need culture and the diagnosis is possible in a few hours, another advantage is high sensitivity of this methodse. 21AMP New novel technique is one of the very simple gene amplification methods which were performed under isothermal condition.In contrary with its simplicity it has high specificity and sensitivity with obviating the need for using thermal cycler. 22,23At present time in all over the world grate studies have been developed to recognize infectious agent by LAMP technique.LAMP has verity characteristics and application besides diagnosis, including SNP typing and DNA quantification as realtime detection and particularly in development of g-POCT devices. 24This study primer the desired is designed from sequences encoding gene alph-INT1 Candida albicans.This gene is similar to vertebrates leukocytes eyntgren. 25This primer in terms of specificity with Candida spp, Cryptococcus neoformance, Fusarium spp, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus parasiticus, E.coli, HBV was tested; just alpha-INT1 attached and did proliferation.This technique has a very high sensitivity and specificity in comparison with PCR and also against high sensitivity and specificity improved instruments was not required and the reaction was verified in a short time merely by using a simple heater.Among 60 cases with define viral load, 7 cases were PCR positive whether 8 cases were LAMP positive.Therefore because of significant

Conclusions
With respect to this result and comparing PCR with LAMP can be stated that LAMP technique in spite of simplicity and not needing to improved instruments has higher sensitivity over PCR and could be a proper replacement for it in future.LAMP test is a rapid, sensitive and specific method and also low cost for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis in samples such as BAL in laboratory centers.and also contamination with these fungi was high in treated TB or TB-suspicious patients, physicians should pay particular attention to this issue and avoid unnecessary treatments without definitive diagnosis.

Table 2 . The materials used in the LAMP test.
LAMP sensitivity in this cases with similar condition, LAMP test was able to detect truly result which seems PCR test had not this property, so it can be mentioned that in this study yeast particles can be detected even thought in old samples with at least yeast load by using LAMP technique.Although improved instruments are not required in this technique, but it has grate sensitivity and accuracy that reaction can be done simply by applying just a dry-plate .By adding 0.1% SYBR Green and observing under U.V light the result could be obtained, so needing to post amplification processes like as electrophoresis were obviate.Given that the departments of molecular diagnostic have higher speed and accuracy toward tests based on phenotype diagnostic tests based on phenotype, other researchers have shown priority this method over the frequently asked methods and also in clinical laboratories Replace methods are frequently asked methods and used routinely.So it can be stated With the help of this techniques may be provided.Molecular methods have helped to rapid and accurate detect of Candida albicans Rapid and available detection Candida albicans and timely treatment of patients be prevented from rising costs patients the results of this study are help to remove disease and avoid increasing costs to patients for early diagnosis.Optimistically It is no far that in near future by using LAMP technique, Candida detection possibility without administering improved instrument with significant sensitivity and specificity and also cost saving will be available in all diagnostic centers.