Evaluation of physiological characteristics of curcuma ( Curcuma xanthorhizha Roxb . ) on various intercropping patterns with soybean [ Gglycine max ( L . ) Merrill ]

Purpose of this research was to get the best planting pattern on Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Synm. Curcuma javanica) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) related to plants production, land equivalent ratio (LER) and R/C ratio. This research used the randomized block design involving six treatments and four replications. The growth pattern and yield of curcuma were based on the following parameters: length of plant, number of leaf, broad of leaf, fresh and dry weight of leaves, curcuma root and rhizome, LER (land equivalent ratio) and R/C ratio within six months from December 2015 to June 2016. The treatment difference was based on the LSD5%. The result showed that curcuma planted one month earlier under narrow spacing and bigger soybean population (strip relay, T-K)) suggested a longer growth than any other plating patterns. On the contrary, curcuma planted one month earlier under wide spacing and fewer number of soybean plants (row relay, T-K) suggested a better growth than others and resulting in the highest curcuma yield, lower soybean yield, LER=1.09 dan R/C=2.36.


Introduction
Temulawak or curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.Synm.2][3][4] The using of curcuma as traditional herbal medicine has reached 3000 tons of dried rhizomes a year. 5It can be concluded from these large need of curcuma raw materials that this plant suggests a high potency to be cultivated.But it is still constrained by the limited raw material in quantity and quality rhizome of temulawak.There are secondary metabolites in curcuma rhizome, [6][7][8] some have antibacterial activities, 9 and allelopathy effects on surrounding plants. In addition, the curcuma plant has a long harvest period (10-12 months) and wide row spacing (50×100 cm) causing farmers are reluctant to plant it as the main crop.Intercropping between curcuma and food plants is a solution that can be used.One of the right intercropping is between curcuma and soybean because the soybean crop has a shorter period (115 days) as well as having a narrow row spacing of 20×30 cm, 30×30 cm or 40×10 cm.][11][12][13][14][15] This study aimed to analyze physiological characteristics changes of curcuma intercropped with soybean at different planting patterns.

Materials and Methods
This research was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture experiments field in Jatikerto village, Malang, Indonesia (altitude of 350 m asl, temperature of 27°C, rainfall of 120 mm/month), University of Brawijaya's Physiology Laboratory.This study was conducted in six months from December 2015 to June 2016.The tools used in this research wereoven, rough and analytical scales, while the material used were the rhizome of curcuma UB2, Willis soybean seed varieties, SP36 fertilizer, KCl and urea.
This study used a randomized block design (RAK) consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications.Those treatments were; row cropping (T1), strip cropping (T2), row relay soybean planting one-month after curcuma (T3), strip relay soybean planting one-month after curcuma (T4), row relay planting curcuma one month after soybean (T5) and relay planting strips of curcuma one month after soybeans (T6).Monoculture is used as a comparison in the calculation of LER and R/C ratio.
Observations were carried out in destructive to determine the pattern of growth of plants covering length (cm), number of leaves (leaf) and leaf area (cm 2 ) on the curcuma plant.While on the soybean was the plant height (cm), number of leaves (leaf) and leaf area (cm 2 ), and nondestructive A non-destructive observation (harvest) includes the weight of fresh and dry leaves, roots and rhizomes (g) per plant on curcuma plants, while on the soybean plants include fresh weight and dry stover (g), pods (beans), pods weight (g), weight and dry beans and weight of 100 seeds (g).
Analysis of data using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the effect of treatment on the data of growth and yield parameters with soybean.In the event of a real influence on the treatment, the real difference test using LSD5%.

Results and Discussion
Analysis of variance showed that intercropping systems between curcuma and soybean suggest the significant effects on growth and yield of curcuma and soybeans.

Curcuma plant growth and yield
Curcuma plants that were planted one month after the soybean had a lower height or depressed compared to those of one months earlier or those at the same time (Figure 1).This was caused by time differences in planting of both crops that affected vegetative growth and generative plant. 16he lenght of curcuma plants with strip relay T-K cropping pattern showed a higher value than other pattern (Table 1), where in that cropping pattern,curcuma planted one month earlier, narrow spacing and more soybean population.They resulted curcuma The number of leaves, leaf area and high curcuma shoots were shown in row relay T-K cropping patterns where curcuma were planted one month earlier, wide row spacingand less soybean population.In addition, the row relay T-K cropping pattern also had a higher leaf weight than other cropping patterns (Table 2).The bigger number of leaves and wider leaf area will be directly proportional to the weight of the leaves,this was in accordance with the results of rhizome wet and dry weight in high error relay T-K of cropping pattern that others were 1394.5 g/plant and 177.8 g/plant.][22][23] Soybean plants with strip relay K-T cropping patterns where the soybean crops were planted one month earlier, with narrow row spacing and more soybean population had higher number of soybean leaf, wider leaf and more pod number higher than other cropping patterns.In accordance with the revelation of Sakya et al. 24 the higher plant is, the more leaves and lush book will be.As a result there were more pods produced.A higher vegetative growth on strip relay K-T cropping patterns causing the growth of curcuma plants suppressed affecting the rhizome production became lower than other cropping patterns (Table 3 and Figure 2).This is presumably because the curcuma plants were not able to pass the critical phase as well as the soybean crop had mastered the grow space early.Critical phases of crop occur at the age of 1/4 or 1/3 to 1/2 the age of the plant, so at the age of plant growth factor requirements must be met. 27Production is the main result component of the cultivation system.The higher result of curcuma obtained from row relay T-K pattern was 89.25 tons ha -1 followed by strip relay T-K pattern was 83.20 tons ha -1 (Table 3 and Figure 2), where on those cropping patterns the curcuma plants were planted one month earlier than the soybean plants, although statistically, it was not significantly different with ones planted at the same time.High yield in the row relay T-K cropping pattern and strip relay T-K allegedly because curcuma plants were able to compete in getting growth factors so that higher growth and photosynthates were translocated in storage organs (rhizomes) more.In contrast, soybean crops were planted with row relay T-K cropping patterns and strip relay T-K had a low production yield of 0.75 tons ha -1 and 2:06 ton ha -1 (Figure 3).Values followed by the same letters in the same column on each treatment showed no significant difference influence by LSD5%.T = Curcuma plant, K = soybean plants.The production results will affect the crop yield in unit area.For instance, to get high soybean crop yields with strip relay K-T cropping patterns was 5.67 ton ha -1 and with the strip cropping was 4.90 ton ha -1 of dry soybeans.6][27] reported that number of plants per unit area is an important factor to get high yields. 28Wide spacing can increase the yield of eachcrop; otherwise narrow spacing and bigger population would increase the competition between plants to get growth factor.It has been showed that sweet potato crops grown with strip cropping patterns got 14.53 tons ha -1 , and on row cropping pattern was 6.20 ton ha -1 where the sweet potato crop with strip cropping pattern was bigger than row cropping patterns.

Article
Land ratio showed that strip cropping pattern produced a higher value than other cropping patterns which was 1.5, but not significantly different with strip relay T-K cropping patterns.The next high equality ratio of land shown by the following cropping pattern; strip relay K-T, row relay T-K and row cropping (Table 4).They were considered advantageous in land use efficiency because the score was more than one.Stripcropping pattern showed a higher land equality ratio because the curcuma and soybean productions were higher than than any other patterns, so that when divided by monoculture the value generated was also high.Equivalence ratio for all intercropping types is more than one means that intercropping cultivation is more profitable than monoculture. 29he result of the R/C ratio calculation was known that almost all of the cropping pattern could be developed, except for row cropping K-T and strip cropping K-T patterns because those cropping pattern had the R/C ratio <1, namely 0.93 and 0.94 (Table 5).In the further analyzes, row cropping, strip cropping, row relay T-K and strip relay T-K patterns should be developed and the highest profit gained from row relay T-K planting patterns was IDR 183,130,000.00 to R/C ratio of 2.36.It was assumed that because of curcuma production with T3 patterns was also higher than other cropping patterns at 89.25 tons ha -1 , although soybean production was lower at 0.75 tons ha -1 .The lower soybean production in row relay T-K pattern was caused by the less of soybean population compare to those cultivated in monoculture so that the yield per unit area was also lower.

Conclusions
Intercropping of curcuma and soybean plants could increase total productivity of curcuma and soybeans.In row relay T-K cropping patterns, curcuma plants generated growth and yield parameters as well as higher per-unit area yield than other cropping pattern, so as to produce higher LER=1.09and R/C ratio=2.36 than other cropping patterns.Values followed by the same letters in the same column on each treatment showed no significant difference influence by LSD5%.T = Curcuma plant, K = soybean plants Table 3. Fresh and dry weight of rhizome and total yield of rhizome on various cropping patterns.

Cropping pattern
and soy crops competed in getting sunlight.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Fresh Curcuma Rhizome at Age 24 WAP on the Different Treatment cropping pattern T1 row cropping, T2 strip cropping, T3 row relay (T-K), T4 strip relay (T-K), T5 row relay (K-T) and T6 strip relay (K-T).T = curcuma plant, K = soybean plants.N o n c o m m e r c i a l u s e o n l y

Table 4 .
Land equity ratio on different cropping treatment.the same letters in the same column on each treatment showed no significant difference influence based on LSD5%.LER= Land Equivalent Ratio, T = Curcuma plant, K = soybean plants.

Table 5 . Economics analysis of farming system. Different Cropping Pattern Treatment Total cost Total return Profit R/C Ratio
/C >1 = proper to be developed, R/C <1 = not proper to be developed.T= Curcuma plants, K= Soybean plants. R