IDEAS AND MODELS OF PACIFISM BETWEEN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
https://doi.org/10.4081/ilpolitico.2020.511
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This essay reconstructs the
debate on pacifism between the XIX and XX
centuries. The author preliminary uses the
reflections of some contemporary philosophers
and sociologists, such as Norberto Bobbio,
Mulford Quickert Sibley, Wilhelm Emil
Mühlmann, Michael Allen Fox, David
Cortright, Larry May, John Rawls, Eric Reitan,
Johan Galtung, and David Boersema. This
debate was livened by famous intellectuals:
from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, to
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Bertrand
Russell, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein
passing through John Atkinson Hobson,
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Friedrich Nietzsche,
Norman Angell, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta,
Romain Rolland, Luigi Einaudi, Lord Lothian,
Lionel Robbins and Jacques Maritain. They
encapsulated the main dilemmas derived from
the changed political conditions of their time:
the crisis of internationalism, the affirmation of
imperialism, the spread of irrationalism, the
beginning of the Great War, the establishment
and failure of the League of Nations, the
consolidation of totalitarian regimes, the
outbreak of the Second World War, and the
escalation of the Cold War. They developed
various ideas and models which could ideally
be linked to a "positive pacifism" according to
which, as foretold by Spinoza, peace could not
be conceived as mere absence of war, but
above all the presence of justice, law and order.
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